The energy invested in animal reproduction is as much as 10 times greater than previously estimated when the metabolic load of bearing and caring for offspring is accounted for, according to a new ...

Too often, preclinical successes are followed by clinical failures. And all clinical failures hurt. Perhaps the most painful failures occur in trials that require large patient populations and long ...

Preclinical testing is vital for assessing the safety profiles and potential efficacy of new therapeutics in development. Animal testing is one of two routes usually selected for the preclinical stage ...

Animal testing remains to be a vital part of modern preclinical testing. While the ethics of the use of animals in medical testing remains keenly debated, it is still generally accepted worldwide and ...