To develop DKA, the patient must experience a relative insulin deficiency 4 (very little circulating insulin) in the setting of increased counter-regulatory hormone concentrations. This relative lack ...

When cells cannot access glucose as an energy source, the body turns to alternative fuels, such as fat. This process produces substances known as ketones, which can accumulate in blood and urine. In ...

Fluid management. Fluid resuscitation is the first step in DKA therapy. 3 The total fluid deficit is estimated to be 3.0 to 6.0 L in DKA. 5 Fluid is replaced as a crystalloid bolus to improve GFR ...