In the field of physical optics, a propagating light beam is known as a propagating electromagnetic radiation, with the direction of propagation being horizontal to the direction of the electric and ...

Optical characterisation of thin films is a critical field that bridges fundamental research and application in materials science and engineering. It encompasses the use of various spectroscopic ...

Semiconductor devices are becoming thinner and more complex, making thin deposited films even harder to measure and control. With 3nm node devices in production and 2nm nodes ramping toward ...