Understand the network diagram for VNA measurement error terms. What are the effects of various residual errors on the outcome of the measurement? Learn the only ...

You normally use TDR (time-domain reflectometry) to measure impedance change along a signal path (Reference 1). It is also a valuable tool for measuring propagation delays. The TDR technique is ...

Wireless communications products that depend on RF principles are everywhere these days, and the growth rate is astonishing. From cell phones and wireless PDAs to Wi-Fi-enabled laptops, Bluetooth ...

In the first half of this paper (Engineering Extra, Apr. 14), I discussed the need for an accurate antenna capable of repeatable measurements and presented the design of NPR Lab’s transportable ground ...

Whenever you launch a high-frequency signal into a PCB trace, connector, or cable, you worry about signal integrity. Impedance mismatches cause reflections as a function of frequency, which degrade ...

THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT VIRTUAL SATELLITES. No, we don’t mean physical objects that are almost satellites. That’s the common everyday meaning of the word virtual. We mean it in the sense used in ...