The circuit has been designed for transistors to determine whether the pin is emitter, base or collector as well as the type if NPN or PNP polarity, and can also be used in testing diodes. 4011 – a ...

Substituting the values from Table 1 into Equation 3 and 4, values for η and R S are obtained for this 'thermal diode' treated as a 2-terminal diode and listed in Table 2. Figure 2 is a plot of two ...

Circuit and system design requirements often mean compromises. For example, optoisolators are used almost everywhere, but they are highfrequency limited. This simple circuit allows for wider bandwidth ...