Some types of neck surgery include cervical discectomy, cervical fusion, cervical disc replacement, and laminectomy. These procedures address a variety of conditions affecting the top part of the ...

The hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc (approximately 45–55 mm diameter in the human lumbar spine and 2.5–5 mm in the rat coccygeal spine) is composed of the outer fiber-reinforced ...

Type 2 diabetes alters the behavior of discs in the vertebral column, making them stiffer, and also causes the discs to change shape earlier than normal. As a result, the disc's ability to withstand ...