For 450 million years, plants and soil fungi have been trading partners. The fungi weave through plant roots, delivering ...

How do plants breathe through stomata? Key regulators of stomata are plant vacuoles, fluid-filled organelles bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Plant vacuoles are fluid-filled organelles ...

Plant cells are surrounded by an intricately structured protective coat called the cell wall. It’s built of cellulose microfibrils intertwined with polysaccharides like hemicellulose or pectin. We ...

Plant regeneration relies on a delicate balance between stem cell renewal and differentiation, yet the evolutionary origin ...

Scientists in Japan have created hybrid plant-animal cells, essentially making animal cells that can gain energy from sunlight like plants. The breakthrough could have major benefits for growing ...

Directed evolution is a laboratory technique that mimics natural selection and allows scientists to evolve genes and the proteins they encode. Traditionally, this technique has been used in microbes, ...